PUBLISHED: JULY 2011

Morphological Variation in the Seed of Gray Birch (Betula populifolia): The Effects of Soil-Metal Contamination

Figure 2

Figure 2

Figure 2: Approximately 200 seeds from each site were measured across their entire width, including both wing and germ, to determine radius. The surface area of each seed was calculated using the formula SA = πr2C. C is the mean ratio representing the difference between the surface area of 10 typical seeds, measured using ArcMap, and the surface area of a circle that encompassed those seeds.